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【职场英语】职场"潜"规则:偷懒的老板爱裁员
Probably every worker today has experienced -- or known someone who has experienced -- at least one layoff. Layoffs are an abomination -- for the pain they cause innocent victims -- and the lack of accountability they often represent.
如今，或许没有哪个工薪族尚未经历过裁员，就算一次也没有，身边也总会有一两个亲历者。裁员是可憎的——它一方面给无辜的被裁者带来痛苦，另一方面往往是决策者不负责任的表现。
Before the great recession, in 2006, Lou Uchitelle sent out a warning about the terrible costs of layoffs in his book The Disposable American: Layoffs and their Consequences. The book traces the history of job security -- and layoffs -- in the U.S. and explores the psychic trauma created by corporations'overuse of this so-called right-sizing tool.
2006年，就在金融危机前夕，路易斯·乌奇捷利在他的新书《美国的“一次性”雇工：裁员及其后果》（The Disposable American: Layoffs and their Consequences）中发出警告，指明了公司裁员后可能付出的惨重代价。这本书追溯了美国的就业保障和裁员史，探讨了企业以“调整规模”的名义胡乱裁员给员工带来的心理创伤。
Soon after his book came out, Uchitelle explained to me that he "made a presentation at a meeting of the American Psychoanalytic Association, and at the end, there was a vote taken among more than 30 psychoanalysts. They were asked, 'Do you, from your experience, consider a layoff a traumatic experience?'And all of them put their hands up."
新书上市后不久，乌奇捷利告诉我，他“有一次在美国精神分析协会（American Psychoanalytic Association）的会议上演讲。演讲结束后，他让现场三十多名精神分析师表决。表决的问题是，‘就你的经验看，是否觉得被裁员是一次创伤性的体验？’，结果所有人都举了手。”
Many workers today don't know of a world without layoffs. But they haven't always been common. I was in New York attending a disaster recovery conference in 1992 when IBM (IBM) announced its very first layoff. I remember the shock among the IBMers attending that conference. The Big Blue rug had been pulled out from under them, and they told me they would never feel the same way about IBM again.
如今很多工薪族已经对裁员习以为常，但是裁员并不总是这么普遍。1992年，我在纽约参加了一次救灾会议，IBM在那次会议上宣布了公司成立以来的首次裁员计划。当时与会员工脸上的惊愕表情我至今还记忆犹新。面对“蓝色巨人”过河拆桥的举动，他们纷纷表示，对IBM的印象再也无法回到从前。
Twenty years later, the Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that in 2012 alone there were over 17,000 U.S. mass layoff events. (The Bureau defines mass layoff events as 50 employees or more laid off at a single employer.)
二十年后，劳工统计局（Bureau of Labor Statistics）发布报告称，仅在2012年一年，美国国内的大规模裁员事件就有17,000多起。（按照劳工统计局的定义，大规模裁员事件是指单个企业一次性裁员50人或50人以上的事件。）
Some layoff announcements are huge. HP (HPQ) recently said that they would dismiss 29,000 workers -- more than the population of many U.S. towns. This would have been unthinkable in the 1950s, '60s, and '70s.
有些公司宣布的裁员计划规模大得惊人。惠普（HP）近日宣布将裁员29,000人——裁掉的员工比美国很多城镇的总人口还要多。这在上世纪50年代、60年代、乃至70年代都是无法想象的事情。
"We're sort of a 'we invent as we go along'nation,"Uchitelle said, referring to the U.S. "And we've invented some wonderful things. And one of the things we invented was job security."
“我们的国家是一个在实践中投资的国家，”乌齐捷利在这里说的是美国。“我们投资了一些有意义的事情，其中一项就是就业保障。”
Large corporations, labor, and government all realized job security was in their mutual best interests, beginning in the late 1800s, he said. When layoffs did happen in the 1930s, the government stepped in. Politicians of all stripes agreed that job security was important -- and job security increased over time until the mid-1970s. Since then, "we've been going away from it."
乌齐捷利表示，从19世纪末开始，大企业、劳工和政府逐渐意识到，稳固的就业保障能使三方的共同利益最大化。20世纪30年代，裁员现象真正开始出现时，政府进行了干预。各派政治人士一致认为，就业保障很重要——随着时间的推移，就业保障也变得日益稳固，直到20世纪70年代中期。自那以后，“我们就一直在背道而驰。”
The corporate movement away from job security coincided with the advent of big executive bonuses and the rise of global competition. Consulting firms seized the moment and devised practices to teach companies how to eliminate staff.
企业纷纷裁员，背离就业保障的同时，高管却开始拿高额奖金，全球竞争也在升级。咨询公司看准了这个时机，纷纷出谋划策，帮助企业裁汰员工。
But the recommendations of the consulting firms are not agnostic. They rarely, if ever, recommend cutting the heads of those who hired them.
但是咨询公司会给出什么方案也可想而知，他们从来不会建议雇主裁汰自己的高管，就算有这种情况，也少之又少。
Compensation also insulates most executives from layoff shocks. Executive compensation has changed dramatically since the mid-1970s. Today, top executives receive huge bonuses that they can stash away, shielding them from any layoff distress should it strike them. In contrast, the workers most subject to cuts are unable, given their wage rates, to scrape together that level of financial freedom.
优厚的薪水也使大多数高管有能力抵御被裁员的冲击。自上世纪70年代中期以来，高管的薪资水平发生了很大的改变。如今，高管领取着高额的奖金，完全可以积攒大笔财富，就算被裁员，也不至于陷入困境。与此相反，最容易被裁汰的普通员工薪资水平普遍较低，积攒财富相当吃力，无法获得同等程度的经济自由。
Layoffs often demolish an employee's social circle and identity -- and the same is true for family members of laid off workers. During the financial crisis, layoffs forced foreclosures, leaving families homeless, and many who lost their jobs then still struggle amid dim job prospects.
裁员往往会破坏被裁员工的社交圈子和身份认同感，这一点同样也会波及其家庭成员。金融危机期间，由于企业大规模裁员，很多人丧失抵押品赎回权，流离失所，丢掉了工作，却依然得在严酷的就业环境中挣扎。
At a dinner table over the holidays, I sat next to a New York-based investment manager who told me that the CEOs who have come to visit him over the last couple of years told him that their recent layoffs were just "cutting out the dead wood"that they'd been reluctant to cut earlier.
有一次假期跟人吃饭，我旁边坐着一个在纽约上班的投资经理。他告诉我，近几年找上门的首席执行官都说，他们最近的裁员不过是“把以前不愿意砍掉的枯枝砍掉而已”。
I had three problems with that explanation. One, management is responsible for telling individuals if their performances were not up to snuff, putting them on a program to fix it, and then removing them if corrections couldn't be made. If management was unwilling to do that simple job, they weren't managing. Two, while the CEOs might claim otherwise, often it's not the so-called dead wood who are chopped during layoffs. In fact, in small layoffs, it's the whistleblowers who spoke up (inconveniently) or anyone who made one of their bosses (or their egos) uncomfortablewho are often the first to go. And three, large layoffs are like carpet-bombing, not surgical strikes. They are like clear-cutting a forest, not removing dead wood. You will lose people you wish you had not.
我觉得这种说法有三个问题。首先，管理人员有责任判断员工的表现是否合格，如果不合格，就应该给他们安排培训项目，如果培训之后依然不合格，才应该裁汰。如果管理人员连这么简单的工作都不愿意做，那他们就没有履行自己的职责。第二，在裁员的过程中，公司砍掉的，往往不是所谓的枯枝。当然，我说的这一点，首席执行官们不见得同意。事实上，在小规模的裁员中，最先被裁汰的无非是两种人，一是打小报告的人（因为没有掌握好方法），二是冒犯了老板（或者让老板自尊心受损）的人。第三，大规模裁员就像地毯式轰炸，而不是精确打击。这样做就好比夷平整座森林，而不是砍掉几棵枯树。一定会损失可遇不可求的人才。
But just as the CEOs who spoke with the investment manager weren't concerned with employee hardship, layoffs don't bother board members much either. (In fact, some are happy advocates of the process.) They don't recognize layoffs for what they too often are: a failure by top executives to properly manage the business and forecast needs -- and a failure of the board to ensure the right management is in place.
但是，上面说的那些首席执行官并不关心员工的死活，董事会的成员同样如此，他们对裁员也不以为意。（事实上，有些董事会成员还是裁员的积极倡导者。）他们并没有意识到，裁员往往意味着公司的高管经营不善，未能准确地预测用工需求——而董事会成员也未能确保公司得到有效的管理。
But it's actually worse than just a lack of accountability, because rather than ding management for these failures, boards reward management for these missteps.
然而，实际问题比管理层缺乏责任感更严重，因为董事会非但没有因为管理层的失职而予以惩戒，反而给予丰厚的奖励。
Take the recently reported case of J.P. Morgan (JPM). Documents in a mortgage backed security fraud case "reveal that J.P. Morgan, as well as … Washington Mutual and Bear Stearns, flouted quality controls and ignored problems, sometimes hiding them entirely, in a quest for profit,"theNew York Times reported. "In an initiative called Project Scarlett, Washington Mutual slashed its due diligence staff by 25% as part of an effort to bolster profit."
以最近摩根大通（J.P. Morgan）爆出的案子为例。据《纽约时报》（J.P. Morgan）报道，一宗抵押贷款支持证券欺诈案的文件显示，“摩根大通及……华盛顿互惠银行（Washington Mutual）、贝尔斯登（Bear Stearns）为了追求利润，藐视质量控制并忽略问题，有时候甚至完全掩盖问题。为了提高利润，华盛顿互惠银行实施了‘斯嘉丽计划’（Project Scarlett），将尽职调查职员裁汰了25%。”
And yet what is the J.P. Morgan board's response? CEO Jamie Dimon lays off staff -- or fails to hire those his bank needs -- and the board, until the London Whale trading disaster last year, paid him record bonuses for record profits.
摩根大通董事会是怎么处理这件事的呢？尽管CEO杰米·戴蒙裁减了人员——或者说没能招募到银行需要的人才，但在去年“伦敦鲸事件”发生之前，董事会给了他创纪录的高额奖金，因为公司的利润创下了新高
J.P. Morgan is in good company. Most boards continue to give huge bonuses to execs while they lay off workers.
摩根大通的做法远远不是个例。大多数董事会在公司大规模裁员的情况下依然给高管支付高额奖金。
HP's Meg Whitman has a net worth of $1.7 billion, according to Forbes (as of September 2012). And the company is in such bad shape, it seems, that it needs to cut nearly 30,000 employees. So the HP board used its own "pay for performance philosophy"to justify annual compensation of over $15 million for Whitman for 2012. While her 2012 office may have been small (you can see it here), the accounting showed she traveled in grand style last year. Her paycheck included $200,000 for personal aircraft use. (That alone is the equivalent of a job or two.)
据《福布斯》杂志（Forbes ，2012年9月）的报道，惠普的梅格·惠特曼净身价17亿美元。惠普当前的经营状况太差，仿佛只有裁员将近3万人才能扭转颓势。于是董事会以“根据绩效支付工资”为由，2012年支付了惠特曼超过1,500万美元的高额年薪。尽管这一年她的办公室很小（点击此处查看图片），但财会数据显示，她在这一年的出游可以用奢华来形容。她的工资当中有20万美元是私人飞机使用费。（单单是这笔钱就足以创造一、两个工作岗位了。）
What happened to the idea of shared pain? One of the most insincere signs I see hanging in some corporate offices is the poster that says, "TEAM – together everyone achieves more."Boards should make sure they live up to that sign -- or take it off the wall.
同甘共苦的精神到哪里去了？有些公司的办公室上贴着这样的标语：“团结一心，众志成城”（"TEAM – together everyone achieves more."），这是我见过的最虚伪的团队标语之一。董事会应该践行它——如果做不到，就应该把它从墙上撕掉。
At Research in Motion, now Blackberry (BBRY), employees in Halifax complained last year that the company's layoffs were inhumane, according to the Chronicle Herald in Canada. But many workers don't speak out.
据加拿大媒体《纪事先驱报》（Chronicle Herald）报道，在RIM（Research in Motion），即现在的黑莓（Blackberry），哈利法克斯的员工抱怨去年公司的裁员行动惨无人道，但很多人都敢怒不敢言。
According to Uchitelle, "the real solution isn't some silver bullet. It's a realization among workers, people, that … they can push back. They don't have to surrender."
乌奇捷利称：“要想解决这个问题，并不需要什么奇招。真正重要的是树立起维权意识。员工应该意识到……他们可以说不。他们并不一定非得妥协。”
Layoffs aren't inevitable. "When we started the layoffs in the late '70s, even the Catholic Church was putting out pastoral letters against layoffs and stopped doing so. We, all of us, have pulled back,"he said.
裁员并非不可避免。他说：“上世纪70年代末，裁员的现象开始出现时，连天主教会都发出牧函，反对裁员，从而阻止了这一现象的蔓延。我们每个人都应该对裁员说不。”
To reignite a valuable dialogue on the benefits of job security, shareholders need to rebuke bonus pay for corporate executives at companies like J.P. Morgan, which plans 17,000 in staff cuts and HP, which is chopping 29,000. No votes on pay would send a clear message that when executives determine they need to cut staff, boards should slash their bonuses too.
摩根大通计划裁员17,000人，惠普计划裁员29,000人，像这些公司的股东应该对高管领奖金的做法予以谴责。只有这样，才能重新激发有价值的对话，让人们意识到就业保障的重要性。对高管们的天价薪酬说“不”可以传递出一个清晰的信号，那就是，一旦高管认定公司需要裁员，董事会也会扣减他们的奖金。
一般将来时(Simple Future Tense)
一般将来时也译为单纯将来时。
例A：I shall not come if it rains tomorrow.
（如明天下雨我就不来。）
例B：My brother will leave for the United States next week.
（我的哥哥下星期要到美国去。）
解说 从句式我们可以了解一般将来时的表达须借助于助动词“shall／will”。关于“shall／will”的用法，传统文法谈得很多，同时各文法学家的理论也不很一致。更重要的是英国人和美国人对“shall／will”的用法规则并不很一致，也不很严谨，所以本书拟只提供下面的五个规则，相信各位只要把下面这五个规则学通了，你的“shall／will”的用法就可以中规中矩了。
①说或写都尽量使用“I'll, You'll, He'll , She'll , It'll, We'll , They'll …”的简缩形（如用法例2、3）。
②要表达主语的“意志”，通常都用“will”（文法上称为意志将来。）
例A：I won't see him again.
（我不愿意再和他见面。）
例B：Who will go and help that poor old man?
（谁愿意去帮助那个可怜的老人？）
Mary will . （玛莉愿意。）
③说话者要把自己的“意志”表达或行使出去，通常用“shall”。
例A：You shall not do that again.
（你不可以再做那样的事。）
例B：He shall return that book tomorrow.
（明天他必须把那本书归还。）
④第一人称问句使用“shall”。
例A：Shall I call you a taxi ?
（需要我替你叫一辆出租车吗？）
例B：Shall we tell her the truth ?
（我们可以把实情告诉她吗？）
⑤问句是“Shall…?”，答句就用“shall ~”；问句用“Will …？”，答句就用“will ~ ”。
例A：Shall you go to school tomorrow ?
（你明天须要上学去吗？）
Yes, I shall . We'll have an exam .
（是的，我必须去。我们明天有考试。）
例B：Will you go to school with me tomorrow?
（明天你要不要和我一道去学校？）
No, I won't . I'm going on a picnic.
（我不要。我已定好要去郊游。）
注：Let's …”的附加疑问通常使用“…, shall we ?”。
Let's have a rest, shall we?
（我们休息一下，怎样？）
一般将来时除了使用“shall／will + V…”以外，也可以使用下列的几种句式来表达。
1．be going to + V … （即将会……；打算将……）
例A：It is going to rain. Take an umbrella with you.
（带一把伞去。看样子就要下雨了。）
例B：The Browns are going to move to Australia.
（布朗先生全家打算迁移到澳大利亚去。）
2．be about to + V （即将……，指紧接着要发生的动作。）
例：Let's wait a minute. He is about to arrive.
（我们等一下。他即将会到达。）
3．be + V-ing …（定于……，指接近的将来动作。）
例：He is leaving for Hong Kong tomorrow morning.
（他定于明天早晨到香港去。）
4．be + to V （定于……，指预定的将来动作。）
例：She is to be here at 9:00 a.m. tomorrow.
（她定于明晨九时到达这里。）
5．V-（e）s （定于……，指接近的将来动作，但不如第3项主观。）
例：He leaves for Hong Kong tomorrow morning.
（他定于明天早晨到香港去。——与（3）项的区别在于（3）项的动作是出自主语的决定，（5）项则不一定是出自主语的决定。）
常用于修饰一般将来时的时间副词有：tomorrow, tomorrow morning （afternoon, evening）, next + 时间 （next night, next Monday …, next week, month…, next summer…, next year）, in （the） future （将来），soon （不久之后），in +时间 （in five days——再过五天，in two weeks——再过二星期），etc.
Drilling Square
Ⅰ．请在下列各题空格处填入shall或will。
1．You ______ not drive through a red light.
2．I ______ do everything for her.
3．______ you help me with this heavy bag, John?
4．______ I help you with that heavy bag, Madam?
5．Let's go and take a walk after dinner, ______ we?
6．"No one ______ leave the classroom if I haven't said Okay," said the teacher.
7．It ______ soon be over, I am sure.
8．Do what you ______ , but don't go out.
9．I ______ take you there with me, if it's OK with your mother.
10．Rain or shine, I ______ come.
Ⅱ．请在下列各题空格处就所设动词给予适当的将来时。
1．A：How do you want to go to Hualain, by air or by train?
B：I am not in a hurry this time, so I （1） take the train.
2．A：（2） （you like） to go to the game this afternoon?
B：I'd love to. Where （3） （we meet） ?
A：You just stay home and wait for me. I （4） drive my car there, so I （5） （pick） you up at about 1:30 .
3．A：It's a good dictionary . I （6） （buy） it, but I don't have money with me now.
B：Don't worry. I （7） （lend） you.
4．A：I hear Miss Chen （8） leave our school and teach in a bigger school in Taipei.
B：But the principal （校长） （9） not let her go . He says she （10） teach at least for another semester until he finds a new teacher.
英语六级词汇与语法结构命题趋势
词汇命题趋势
《大学英语教学大纲修订稿》对大学英语基础阶段词汇教学的较高要求(六级)规定如下：
领会式掌握的单词为5，500个，其中复合式掌握的单词为3，000个，以及由这些词构成的常用词组2000条(中学所掌握的单词和词组包括在内)，并具有按照构词法识别生词的能力，领会式掌握是指看到英语单词能理解其词义，复合式掌握是指能正确拼写单词并掌握其基本词义和用法。大学英语六级测试就是检验学生是否达到了较高要求。
在大学英语六级考试中，词汇和语法同属一个考试项目，考试时间为20分钟，考试题数为30个，计分为每小题0.5分，其计15分。题目分配：30道题中，约60%(18道题)为词和短语的用法，约40%(12道题)为语法结构。可见，与四级测试相比而言，六级更重视词汇的测试。考试范围为教学大纲词汇表一至六级全部内容。测试词汇量大约5000～5300个单词及一定量的习语，涉及动词、动词短语、名词、形容词和副词等，目的是为了测试学生运用词、短语的能力。
从历年大学英语六级考试的试卷分析可以看出：词汇测试主要集中在词义的记忆与辨析、词汇的搭配与用法等项目上，归纳起来，可大致分为下列几种：?
1.同义、近义辨析题 词汇区别是词汇测试的一个重要方面，它主要是对同义词或近义词在含义与用法上进行区别。这类试题的选项是四个词性相同、词义相同或相近的词。测试的目的在于检测考生辨别词义和运用词汇的能力。词汇区别一直是学生在学习英语过程中遇到的一大难题。这主要是由于他们没有掌握汉英两种语言在词汇方面的差异，往往只注意英语的汉语释义，而忽略了其本身的内在涵义和用法。 eg. The driver of the lorry sustained only minor to legs and arms. A. hurt B. wound C. harm D. injury 答案 D。餐车司机的腿和胳膊只受了一些轻伤。这道题测试考生对同义词细微差别的辨别能力。四个选项中的名词都含有“伤害”之意，但它们之间还有语义使用范围上的细微差别。hurt多指“感情、精神”上的伤害。wound多指由枪炮等武器所造成的伤害。harm指危害、害伤。injury指在事故、战争中所受的伤害。根据题意，答案应选D。
2.近形词汇题 英语词汇中，有一些拼写很相似，但它们的词义或词性却不同。英语六级考试的一条重要命题规律就是用形近词来干扰考生作出正确选择。其目的是要检测考生辨别词形和运用词汇的能力。如果考生平时不善于对形近词进行自觉的对比，对它们的差异不甚了解，那就会在答题时绯徊不定，难以作出正确的选择，甚至张冠李戴。? eg.Though the long term cannot be predicted, the project has been approved by the committee. A.affect B.effect C.effort D.afford 答案 B。尽管工程的远期效果还无法预测，委员会还是批准了这项工程。这四个词拼写相似，但它们的词义或词性却不同。affect动词，意为“影响”；effect为名词，意为“效果”；effort名词，意为“努力”；afford动词，意为“负担得起；提供”。掌握了它们之间的这些差异，你会毫不犹豫地选择B。
3.词组与习惯用法辨析题 1)动词短语搭配 英语动词短语是英语的难点之一，它是由动词+副词、动词+介词、动词+副词+介词几种方式构成的惯用组合，具有自己独特的意义。其意义、语法、用法等常使考生感到困难。首先，动词短语的词义不是动词和副词、介词等小品词的简单组合，往往难以从字面上理解。其次，动词短语的使用场合及范围不易弄清楚。第三，同义、近义和反义的动词短语容易混淆。要学好英语，必须学会使用动词短语。测试动词短语的题目在词汇题中占有很大的比例，其目的是测试考生辨别和运用动词短语，尤其是同一动词所构成的不同动词短语的能力。? eg.The car won't start because the battery was ._______ A.run up B.run down C.run off D.run over 答案 B。蓄电池电力减弱了，因此汽车无法发动起来。这是一个因果关系的句子。“汽车为什么发动不起来?”原因是“电池电力减弱”。四个选项中，只有run down有“减弱”之意，其它三个选择项与本句意思不合。run up表示“增长”，run off“逃离”；run over“溢出”。如果考生掌握了这四个动词短语的含义，就会作出正确的选择了。?
2)习惯用语题 英语习语(English idiom)具有特有的、约定俗成的结构形式，如“步行”，可说on foot,不说by foot，而“乘车”要说by bus,不说on bus。再如anything but与nothing but两个词组意义完全不同anything but的基本意思是not at all,而nothing but的基本意思是only。英语中的习语令人眼花缭乱，其构成形式有的甚至无规律可循。它们通常由两个或两个以上的词组成，不能任意拆开。其意义常常不是单词意义的简单结合，而是另外具有新的意义。因此，应把词组作为一个整体来记。测试的目的是检验考生对常用词组的理解和运用能力。? eg.Please don't stand in the kitchen door, you're ______ . A.in a way B.by the way C.in no way D.in the way 答案 D。不要站在厨房门口，你挡路了。这四个选择项都是固定词组，都有自己的含义。ina way表示“在某种程度上或某点上”；by the way“顺便说一下”；in no way“决不”；in the way表示“挡路，妨碍”；“阻止”。根据题意答案应为D。学生面对这些貌似杂乱无章，没有规律可循的习惯表达法，一方面要广读多看，博词强记；另一方面还要会寻找规律，学会归纳，避免机械记忆而事倍功半。 总而言之，解答词汇题的先决条件是对词汇的理解和辨析。因此考生平时要注意弄清楚词的内涵和外部关系，尤其是要注意了解名词、动词、形容词等实词彼此之间以及它们与介词或副词之间的搭配关系。与此同时，还要留心词的惯用法，把习语作为一个整体储存在脑海里。?
语法命题趋势
语法结构是考生必须掌握的一个重要部分。在六级考试中，语法内容出现在词语用法与语法结构这一部分(Vocabulary and Structure)。从以往考试的全真题来看，语法结构所占的比例略小于词语用法，但数目相差并不多。语法测试要求考生根据题目所提供的某种线索，从给出的四个选择项中选出在语法规则上、语意逻辑上及文体上与题干完全吻合的最佳答案。从内容上来看，语法部分的测试强调全面性，除略微偏重虚拟语气外，教学大纲语法结构表中的其他语法项目几乎都涉及到了。语法测试的另一个重要特点是其特殊性，测试的重点多为语法项目中的特殊点，如虚拟语气中if的省略与倒装、情态动词与完成体的搭配等。 因此，考生必须在全面、准确、透彻掌握基本语法项目的基础上，进一步钻研其中特殊的疑难点，并辅以大量的练习，才能顺利通过语法难关。 语法结构部分主要测试时态和语态、虚拟语气、主从复合句(定语从句、名词从句、状语从句等)、句法结构(强调句型、倒装语序、独立结构等)以及一致问题、固定句型等内容。考生需要注意的是，在开始答题之前，一定要对选择项及题干进行认真的分析，辨明该题所要测试的语法点以及出题者的测试意图，只有这样，在应试时才能做到心中有数，临场不乱。
常见标点符号的用法
句号 Period [.]
用以表示一个句子的结束
Hockey is a popular sport in Canada.
The federal government is based in Ottawa.
用在缩写中
B.C. is the province located on the West Coast.
Dr. Bethune was a Canadian who worked in China.
The company is located at 888 Bay St. in Toronto.
It is 4:00 p.m. in Halifax right now.
问号 Question Mark [?]
在句子的结尾使用问号表示是直接疑问句：
How many provinces are there in Canada?
注意：在间接疑问句结尾不要加问号：
The teacher asked the class a question.
Do not ask me why.
叹号 Exclamation Mark [!]
在句子的结尾使用叹号表示惊讶、兴奋等情绪：
We won the Stanley Cup!
The forest is on fire!
逗号 Comma [,]
句子中的停顿
Therefore, we should write a letter to the prime minister.
在疑问句中引出说话人：
"I can come today," she said, "but not tomorrow."
排列三个或以上的名词：
Ontario, Quebec, and B.C. are the three biggest provinces.
引出定语从句
Emily Carr, who was born in 1871, was a great painter.
单引号 Apostrophe [']
表示所有
This is David's computer.
These are the player's things. (things that belong to the player)
Note: 对于复数形式的名词，只加'
These are the players' things. (things that belong to the players)
缩写I don't know how to fix it.
[NextPage]
引号Quotation Marks ["]
直接引出某人说的话：
The prime minister said, "We will win the election."
"I can come today," she said, "but not tomorrow."
冒号Colon [:]
引出一系列名词
There are three positions in hockey: goalie, defence, and forward.
引出一个较长的引语
The prime minister said: "We will fight. We will not give up. We will win the next election."
分号Semicolon [;]
将两个相关的句子连接起来
The festival is very popular; people from all over the world visit each year.
和逗号一同使用引出一系列名词
The three biggest cities in Canada are Toronto, Ontario; Montreal, Quebec; and Vancouver, B.C.
破折号Dash [-]
在一个句子前作总结
Mild, wet, and cloudy - these are the characteristics of weather in Vancouver.
在一个句子的前面或后面加入额外的注释
The children - Pierre, Laura, and Ashley - went to the store. Most Canadians - but not all - voted in the last election.
表示某人在说话过程中被打断
The woman said, "I want to ask - " when the earthquake began to shake the room.
连字符Hyphen [-]
连接两个单词
sweet-smelling
fire-resistant
将前缀
anti-Canadian
non-contact
在数字中使用
one-quarter
twenty-three
三十五个经典句型 帮你过写作关（英语四级）
一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)
~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)
例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.
海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。
Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.
张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。
二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V
Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V
例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education.
没有比接受教育更重要的事。
三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.
（再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。）
例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.
我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。
四、There is no denying that + S + V ...（不可否认的...）
例句：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.
不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。
五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ （全世界都知道...）
例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.
全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。
六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~ （毫无疑问的...）
例句：There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.
毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。
七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的优点是...）
例句：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won‘t create (produce) any pollution.
使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。
八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的原因是...）
例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.
The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.
我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。
九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子 （如此...以致于...）
例句：So precious is time that we can‘t afford to waste it.
时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。
十、Adj + as + Subject（主词）+ be, S + V~~~ （虽然...）
例句：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.
{by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不}
虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。
十一、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~
The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~（愈...愈...）
例句：The harder you work, the more progress you make.
你愈努力，你愈进步。
The more books we read, the more learned we become.
我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。
十二、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~ （借着...，..能够..）
例句：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.
借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。
十三、~~~ enable + Object（受词）+ to + V （..使..能够..）
例句：Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed.
听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。
十四、On no account can we + V ~~~ （我们绝对不能...）
例句：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.
我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。
十五、It is time + S + 过去式 （该是...的时候了）
例句：It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.
该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。
十六、Those who ~~~ （...的人...）
例句：Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.
违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。
十七、There is no one but ~~~ （没有人不...）
例句：There is no one but longs to go to college.
没有人不渴望上大学。
十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V （不得不...）
例句：Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports.
既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。
十九、It is conceivable that + 句子 （可想而知的）
It is obvious that + 句子 （明显的）
It is apparent that + 句子 （显然的）
例句：It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.
可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。
二十、That is the reason why ~~~ （那就是...的原因）
例句：Summer is sultry. That is the reason why I don‘t like it.
夏天很燠热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。
二十一、For the past + 时间，S + 现在完成式...（过去...年来，...一直...）
例句：For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination.
过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。
二十二、Since + S + 过去式，S + 现在完成式。
例句：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.
自从他上高中，他一直很用功。
二十三、It pays to + V ~~~ （...是值得的。）
例句：It pays to help others.
帮助别人是值得的。
二十四、be based on （以...为基础）
例句：The progress of thee society is based on harmony.
社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。
二十五、Spare no effort to + V （不遗余力的）
We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.
我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。
二十六、bring home to + 人 + 事 （让...明白...事）
例句：We should bring home to people the value of working hard.
我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。
二十七、be closely related to ~~ （与...息息相关）
例句：Taking exercise is closely related to health.
做运动与健康息息相关。
二十八、Get into the habit of + Ving
= make it a rule to + V （养成...的习惯）
We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.
我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。
二十九、Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + N/Ving, ~~~ （因为...）
例句：Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.
因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。
三十、What a + Adj + N + S + V!= How + Adj + a + N + V!（多么...！）
例句：What an important thing it is to keep our promise!
How important a thing it is to keep our promise!
遵守诺言是多么重要的事！
三十一、Leave much to be desired （令人不满意）
例句：The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.
我们的交通状况令人不满意。
三十二、Have a great influence on ~~~ （对...有很大的影响）
例句：Smoking has a great influence on our health.
抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。
三十三、do good to （对...有益），do harm to （对...有害）
例句：Reading does good to our mind.读书对心灵有益。
Overwork does harm to health.工作过度对健康有害。
三十四、Pose a great threat to ~~ （对...造成一大威胁）
例句：Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.
污染对我们的生存造成一大威胁。
三十五、do one‘s utmost to + V = do one‘s best （尽全力去...）
例句：We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life.
我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。
50个最容易出错的语法题
1, It displease my parents when Richard and I stay out late every night. My
parents don ’ t approve_____.
A, of me and Richard staying out late every night.
B, of Richard and me staying out late every night.
C, of Richard ’ s and my staying out late every night.
D, when Richard and me stay out late every night.
2, “ As for their going along with us, “ she said, “________ ”.
A, my husband and myself certainly have no objection.
B, certainly my husband and I have no objection.
C, either I or my husband certainly have no objection.
D, either my husband or I certainly have no objection.
3, “ any thing wrong? ”“ there was no objection on the part of ________ p
resent ”.
A, this.
B, those.
C, these.
D, who.
4, Although oriental ideas of woman ’ s subordination to man prevailed in t
hose days, she_______ meet with men on an equal basis.
A, did not dared.
B, dared not
C, dared not to.
D, did dare not to.
5, The stars (awaken) a certain reverence in man because, (though) always (p
resent), they are beyond (your) reach.
6, I had hoped( to have learned )French before my trip (to Paris), but I (di
d not have) any (extra money) for a course.
7, “ what is the difference? ”
“ this furniture is different from______ ”.
A, that book.
B, your.
C, that one.
D, that.
8,“ we walked twenty miles today. ”“ I never guessed you could have walke
d _____ ”.
A, as.
B, this.
C, that.
d. such.
9,“ what did Jack do last year? ”. “ I heard ____ taught German. ”.
a, he.
B, his.
c. he is.
d. him.
10,“ did you see any foreigner present at the party? ”.
“ he was the only foreigner ____ I saw at the party. ”.
a, whom.
B, that .
C, who.
d. which.
11, (Nobody) who will not try to help the other people (develop) (his )abili
ties (deserves) to have friends.
12, (there is ) often disagreement( as ) (to whom) is the (better) Shakespea
rean actor, Evans or Gielgud.
13, John was ( the only one ) of the boys (whom) as you know ( was) not (eli
gible).
14, The ( irritable) sergeant (was) insistent that nothing (superseded) the
drilling of ( the forty new men.).
15, (Still holding) the young man’s hand, he paused, and then (added delibe
rately): now I am not the man to let a cause (to be lost) ( for want of )a w
ord.
16, “What do you think about these pies?”
“ I would like to have_____”.
A, some other.
B, another.
c. the other.
d. other.
17, The FORMation of snow (must be occurring) (slowly), in calm air, and at
temperature (near) the ( freezing) point.
18, Carol said (that) she (went) ( to) the supermarket (before coming) home.
19, (Weighed) down by a mass of trivial detail, a housewife is fortunate if
she (did not) soon (lose ) all her charm and (three-quarters )of her intelli
gence.
20, When our neighbor’s daughter( caught) her fingers in the car door, she
(did not cry) even though it (must) have (hurted) her.
21, I will employ the man ______ they say is a fluent speaker of English.
A, who.
B, that.
C, which.
d. whom.
22, “Then about tolstoy’s great novels”.
“ who_____ has read his great novels can forget their fascination?”
a, who.
B, that.
c. which
d. whoever.
23, Since the earliest ancestors of the whales were land creatures, the ques
tion has arisen as to how____________.
A, did the flipper adaptation of the whale originate.
B, was the flipper adaptation of the whale originated.
c. the flipper adaptation of the whale originated.
D, the flipper adaptation of the whale to originate.
24, Most (aggregate) rocks are fused, and, (as is implied ) by the name, (ha
s originated) (by the aggregation ) of smaller stones.
25, The Amish, (whose) culture is (unique) American, have (developed) a (dis
tinctive) tradition in organic farming.
26, By the time smith (graduates) from (dental school), he will be (twenty-s
ix) (years of age).
27, (standing in the driveway), the house (appeared to be ) much smaller tha
n (it had seemed ) (to us as children) many years ago.
28, Kevin is (particularly) (fond of) cooking, and he (really) (cooks) delic
ious meals.
29, I held an opinion that ( a honest man) who married and brought (up) a la
rge family did more service than (he) who continued (single ) and only talke
d of the population.
30, After (the church ) ( the men) stood together ( in the churchyard) (sayi
ng) he must be crazy.
31, “do you need more water in the pan?”
“no, it has ___________”.
A, already enough full.
B, full already enough.
C, already had enough.
D, had already enough.
32, This is ___________ such a thing.
A, my first time of seeing.
B, my first time to see.
C, the first time I have ever seen.
D, my first time I have ever seen.
33, “ after that, what happened to him?”
“ the chance to enter_____ come and he took it.”
A, to college.
B, the college.
c. for college.
d. college.
34, There has been (hardly no sign of ) agreement ( as yet) (between ) the
management and labor ( in their ) dispute over wages and working conditions.
35, ________ lessons were not difficult.
A, our first few short French.
B, our few first short French.
c. our few first French short.
D, few our first French short.
36, Bill said that he didn’t do _______ paper work.
A, many.
B, lots of .
c. a great deal of .
d. much.
37, I waited there for thirty minutes; that seemed ________ hours to me.
A, many.
B, very much.
C, as many.
d. so many.
38, No one (on ) the committee had flatly made (some ) such allegation, ( th
ough) Wayne Morse did come (close) by declaring that the U.S. had irritated
the North Vietnamese.
39, There (have been ) (many) an argument (about) (its) proper usage.
40, ( the social studies), (broad speaking), (deal with) man’s ( relationsh
ip to other men).
41, Founded ( in ) 1961 ( and employed) an estimated 35,000 people, the orga
nization (has gained) a reputation for brutality.
42, “john had the piano tuned today.”
“ was it_______?”.
A, out of tune badly before.
B, before badly out of tune.
C, badly out of tune before.
D, out of tune before badly.
43, “leaving for Chicago?”
“_______.”
A, soon.
B, lately.
c. late.
d. sooner.
44, “ jane acts quite unfriendly.”
“ I think she is ________ than unfriendly.”
A, shyer.
B, shy.
C, more shy rather.
D, more shy.
45, “would you like me to go to the doctor with you?”
“no, you_______ with me.”
A, need not to go.
B, do not need go.
c. need not go.
D, need to not.
46, No (other )beverage comes (even) close to rivaling coffee as the (more w
idely) drunk refreshment in the (world).
47, Strangers (come) into her city (now) notice what a (clean) place ( it is
48, Professor Anderson thought that because historical parallels are so ( mu
ch) used unprecisely and uncritically it (would) be (better) to avoid them a
ltogether in our themes.
49,“ I did not go to the party.”
“did _____ go to the party?”
a, many john friends.
B, many john’s friends.
C, my sister boy friend.
D, a boy friend of my sister’s.
50, “what did you see?”
“ we saw_____ police there”.
A, many.
B, much.
c. little.
d. the.
51, (when) and (by whom) the islands of the west Indies were first settled i
s a matter (of debating) (among) archaeologists.
52, (Cliff’s and Al’s) car (broke down) again, but (luckily) they knew ( h
ow to fix) it.
53, (from the top ) of the tower, Jacob was able ( to clearly and easily see
) the (whole ) city (stretching) out below him.
54, Joan ( decided) that she did not like the (girl eating) an ice-cream con
e on the bus after (she) ( yelled) at her little brother.
BBBBD/ADCAB/
CCBCC/BABBD/
BBCCB/BACAA/
CCBAA/DCBAB/
BCADC/CAADD/
CABC
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